This study investigated the effects of acting in a way that is counter to a person's dispositional nature. For the purposes of this study, positive affect is defined as experiences of happy and enjoyable emotions. Extraverted behaviors include acting talkative, assertive, adventurous, and outgoing. Īnother interesting finding has been the link found between acting extraverted and positive affect. Temperament is regarded as the precursor to personality. Personality is not stable over the course of a lifetime, but it changes much more quickly during childhood, so personality constructs in children are referred to as temperament. In both children and adults, research shows that genetics, as opposed to environmental factors, exert a greater influence on happiness levels. The implications of these findings can help identify children who are more likely to experience episodes of depression and develop types of treatment that such children are likely to respond to. Some research has investigated whether the relationship between happiness and extraversion seen in adults also can be seen in children. These components are generally stable over time, and about half of the variance appears to be attributable to a person's genetics rather than the effects of one's environment. Many factor analyses found what is called the Big Five, which are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (or emotional stability), known as "OCEAN". When brought back to two dimensions, often the dimensions of introvert-extrovert and neuroticism (emotionally unstable-stable) are used as first proposed by Eysenck in the 1960s. Personality is frequently broken into factors or dimensions, statistically extracted from large questionnaires through factor analysis. Psychologists also use it as a clinical measuring tool to diagnose psychiatric disorders and help with prognosis and therapy planning. It measures personality based on Cattell's 16-factor theory of personality. "Each item should be influenced to a degree by the underlying trait construct, giving rise to a pattern of positive intercorrelations so long as all items are oriented (worded) in the same direction." A recent, but not well-known, measuring tool that psychologists use is the 16PF. All of these tests are beneficial because they have both reliability and validity, two factors that make a test accurate. Examples of such tests are the: Big Five Inventory (BFI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), Rorschach Inkblot test, Neurotic Personality Questionnaire KON-2006, or Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R). Two main tools to measure personality are objective tests and projective measures. Due to the fact that personality is a complex idea, the dimensions of personality and scales of such tests vary and often are poorly defined. Personality can be determined through a variety of tests. The various approaches used to study personality today reflect the influence of the first theorists in the field, a group that includes Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. Psychologists have taken many different approaches to the study of personality, including biological, cognitive, learning, and trait-based theories, as well as psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. The study of the psychology of personality, called personality psychology, attempts to explain the tendencies that underlie differences in behavior. Nevertheless, most theories view personality as relatively stable. On the other hand, more behaviorally-based approaches define personality through learning and habits. Trait-based personality theories, such as those defined by Raymond Cattell, define personality as traits that predict an individual's behavior. While there is no generally agreed-upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with the environment one is surrounded by. Personality is a structure gathering interrelated behavioral, cognitive and emotional patterns that biological and environmental factors influence these interrelated patterns are relatively stable over time periods, but they change over the entire lifetime.
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